This suggests that the WHO’s 2020 analysis of the key bottlenecks for access were correct: That it is healthcare capacities, distribution barriers and vaccine hesitancy, not IP which is the problem. Today, just three months later, production capacity for COVID-19 vaccines is being scaled down amid decreasing demand, while only 25% of low-income country populations have been vaccinated. Despite this achievement, ahead of the June 2022 WTO Ministerial, advocates of a TRIPS COVID-19 vaccine waiver argued that it was needed to increase production and achieve more equitable global access. The pandemic saw industry and partners produce over 15 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines from scratch in under two years – more than enough to vaccinate the world. The answer to COVID-19 therapy access or a nail in the coffin of access initiatives and future pandemic preparedness? This effectively means removing the Intellectual Property from a company who researched, developed and manufactured treatments, allowing anyone to reproduce it. WTO members are currently discussing an extension of the TRIPS COVID-19 vaccine waiver to try to increase production of therapeutics and diagnostics and see more patients benefit from treatments. They require adjuvants which are ingredients that help create a stronger immune response.New data published today reveals the impact of a proposed TRIPS waiver extension to therapeutics and diagnostics - on patient care and on the future of the research-based pharmaceutical industry. These vaccines require multiple doses for long term immunity. They focus the immune response on the most important part of the virus for protection. They are relatively safer as there is no genetic material and they cannot replicate inside the body. These vaccines use antigenic protein from the disease-causing virus without any genetic material. No currently available human RNA vaccines.Image: mRNA to Self-Replication to Antigen (protein) Risk of being integrated to the host genome is averted but, sometimes the RNA molecules may trigger an unintended immune response in the body. These vaccines use a piece of messenger RNA (mRNA) that will produce some of the same antigenic proteins as the disease-causing virus. No currently available human DNA vaccines.Image: DNA to mRNA to Antigen (protein) within a cell Image: DNA Plasmid with gene for SARS-CoV2 antigen There is no risk of infection but there is a possibility that the immune system does not fight against the antigen (tolerance to the antigen). These vaccines use DNA plasmids containing a gene for SARSCoV-2 along with additional genetic elements that will produce some of the same antigenic proteins as the disease-causing virus. Improved efficacy and safety but require high doses to confer immunity. These vaccines are similar to replicating viral vector vaccines except that they cannot replicate inside the body as the key viral replication genes is deleted from the low pathogenic vector virus. Image: The virus replicates inside the body Image: Viral vector encoding target antigen Image: Disease-causing virus + Low – pathogenic virus This creates a strong immune response but may not work for people who are already immune to the low pathogenic virus. These vaccines use low-pathogenic viruses, which are largely harmless, and alter them into viral vectors that will produce some of the same proteins as the disease-causing virus. Require booster doses as the immunity conferred by these vaccines is weaker than live vaccines.

They are safer as the virus is already dead. These vaccines contain whole virus particles, that have been killed or inactivated to keep Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.Some attenuated vaccines might not be suitable for people with compromised immune systems. These vaccines contain live virus particles that have been weakened to keep them from causing disease.

Anti covid vaccine infographic